英語改善你的記憶力自學教程指導
大學英語自學教程(上冊) unit 04 改善你的記憶力
04-A. Improving Your Memory
Psychological research has focused on a number of basic principles that help memory: meaningfulness, organization, association, and visualization. It is useful to know how these principles work.
Meaningfulness affects memory at all levels. Information that does not make any sense to you is difficult to remember. There are several ways in which we can make material more meaningful. Many people, for instance, learn a rhyme to help them remember. Do you know the rhyme “Thirty days has September, April, June, and November…? ” It helps many people remember which months of the year have 30 days.
Organization also makes a difference in our ability to remember. How useful would a library be if the books were kept in random order? Material that is organized is better remembered than jumbled information. One example of organization is chunking. Chunking consists of grouping separate bits of information. For example, the number 4671363 is more easily remembered if it is chunked as 467,13,63. Categorizing is another means of organization. Suppose you are asked to remember the following list of words: man, bench, dog, desk, woman, horse, child, cat, chair. Many people will group the words into similar categories and remember them as follows: man, woman, child; cat, dog, horse; bench, chair, desk. Needless to say, the second list can be remembered more easily than the first one.
Association refers to taking the material we want to remember and relating it to something we remember accurately. In memorizing a number, you might try to associate it with familiar numbers or events. For example, the height of Mount Fuji in Japan - 12, 389 feet - might be remembered using the following associations: 12 is the number of months in the year, and 389 is the number of days in a year (365) added to the number of months twice (24).
The last principle is visualization. Research has shown striking improvements in many types of memory tasks when people are asked to visualize the items to be remembered. In one study, subjects in one group were asked to learn some words using imagery, while the second group used repetition to learn the words. Those using imagery remembered 80 to 90 percent of the words, compared with 30 to 40 percent of the words for those who memorized by repetition. Thus forming an integrated image with all the information placed in a single mental picture can help us to preserve a memory.
【課文譯文】
改善你的記憶力
心理研究集中在有助于記憶力的幾個基本原則，即富有意義、組織、聯想和想像。知道這些原則如何發揮作用是非常有益的。
富有意義從各個方面影響記記力。你很難記住對你毫無意義的信息，我們可以用幾種辦法使材料變得更有意義。例如，很多人學會用韻音來幫助他們記憶。你知道“九、四、六、十一有30天……”這首押韻詩嗎?它幫助人們記住一年中哪些月份有30天。
信息的組織也對我們的記憶能力造成差異。圖書館的書如果陳列得雜亂無章對我們還會有什么幫助嗎?組織過的材料比混雜的信息更容易記住。組織信息的一個例子就是組塊。組塊是將一個個單獨的信息組織成信息塊。例如，4671363這組數字如果被組塊成467 13 63就更容易記住。分類是另一種組織方法。假定要求你記住一組詞：男人、凳子、狗、書桌、女人、馬、孩子、貓、椅子。很多人會將這些詞分成相似種類的幾組，即男人、女人、孩子；貓、狗、馬；凳子、椅子、書桌。不用說第二種排列比第一種排列更容易記憶。
聯想指將我們要記憶的材料和我們已準確記住的信息聯系起來。在記憶數字時，可以將這一數字與我們所熟悉的數字或事件聯系起來，例如，日本富士山的高度為12，389英尺，這一數字可以用下面的聯想法記?。?2是一年中的月份數，389是一年的天數(365)加月數的兩倍(24)。
最后一個基本原則是想像。研究表明，如果人們把需要記憶的東西進行想像，各種記憶能力都會有顯著的提高。在一項研究中，一組受試者被要求使用想像法學習一些生詞，而另外一組用重復法學習生詞。用想像法記憶單詞的一組記住了80%～90%的生詞，相比之下，用重復法記憶單詞的一組只記住了30%～40%的生詞。因此，將所有的信息放在一幅內心的圖畫里，從而形成一個整體形象，可以幫助我們保存記憶。
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